Am I Bad to Not Want to Be With Family

Type of family

A dysfunctional family affects familial ties and creates conflicts in the same family space.

A dysfunctional family is a family in which disharmonize, misbehavior, and often child fail or abuse on the part of individual parents occur continuously and regularly, leading other members to accommodate such actions. Children sometimes abound up in such families with the agreement that such a situation is normal. Dysfunctional families are primarily a issue of two adults, one typically overtly abusive and the other codependent, and may besides be affected by substance abuse or other forms of habit, or sometimes by an untreated mental illness. Parents having grown upwardly in a dysfunctional family may over-right or emulate their own parents. In some cases, the dominant parent will abuse or neglect their children and the other parent will not object, misleading a kid to assume blame.^[1]

Perceptions and historical context [edit]

A common misperception of dysfunctional families is the mistaken belief that the parents are on the verge of separation and divorce. While this is true in a few cases, oftentimes the marital satisfaction is very strong as the parents' faults actually complement each other.^[ii] In short, they have nowhere else to go. Withal, this does non necessarily mean the family's state of affairs is stable. Any major stressor, such every bit relocation, unemployment/underemployment, concrete or mental disease, natural disaster, etc., can cause existing difficulties affecting the children to go much worse.^{[3] [ need quotation to verify ]}

Dysfunctional families pervade all strata of society regardless of social, financial or intellectual status.^{[ commendation needed ]} Still, until contempo decades,^{[ timeframe? ]} professionals (therapists, social workers, teachers, counselors, clergy, etc.) did non take the concept of a dysfunctional family seriously , especially not with reference to the middle and upper classes. Any intervention would have been seen^{[ by whom? ]} as violating the sanctity of matrimony and increasing the probability of divorce, which was socially unacceptable at the time.^{[ when? ]} Historically, society expected the children of dysfunctional families to obey their parents (ultimately the male parent), and to cope with the situation alone.^{[4] [ failed verification ] [5] [ demand quotation to verify ]}

Examples [edit]

Dysfunctional family unit members have common features and behavior patterns as a result of their experiences within the family structure. This tends to reinforce the dysfunctional behavior, either through enabling or perpetuation. The family unit can be affected by a diverseness of factors.^[6]

Common features [edit]

Nearly universal [edit]

Some features are mutual to most dysfunctional families:

• Lack of empathy, understanding, and sensitivity towards certain family members, while expressing farthermost empathy or appeasement towards one or more members who accept real or perceived "special needs". In other words, one family member continuously receives far more they deserve, while another is marginalized.
• Denial (refusal to admit abusive behavior, perchance believing that the situation is normal or even benign; also known as the "elephant in the room".)
• Inadequate or missing boundaries for self (due east.g. tolerating inappropriate treatment from others, declining to express what is adequate and unacceptable treatment, tolerance of physical, emotional or sexual corruption.)
• Disrespect of others' boundaries (east.g. physical contact that other person dislikes; breaking of import promises without just cause; purposefully violating a boundary another person has expressed.)
• Extremes in conflict (either likewise much fighting or insufficient peaceful arguing between family members.)
• Unequal or unfair treatment of one or more than family members due to their nativity social club, gender, age, family role (mother, etc.), abilities, race, caste, etc. (may include frequent appeasement of one member at the expense of others, or an uneven/inconsistent enforcement of rules.)

Not universal [edit]

Though non universal among dysfunctional families, and past no ways exclusive to them, the following features are typical of dysfunctional families:

• Abnormally high levels of jealousy or other decision-making behaviors.
• Disharmonize influenced by marital status:
  • Between separated or divorced parents, usually related to, or arising from their breakup.
  • Conflict betwixt parents who remain married, often for the perceived "sake" of the children, merely whose separation or divorce would in fact remove a detrimental influence on those children (must be evaluated on a case-past-case footing, as a breakdown may harm children.)
  • Parents who wish to divorce, but cannot due to fiscal, societal (including religious), or legal reasons.
• Children afraid to talk (within or outside the family unit) most what is happening at home, or are otherwise fearful of their parents.
• Abnormal sexual behavior such equally adultery, promiscuity, or incest.
• Lack of time spent together, especially in recreational activities and social events ("We never practice annihilation as a family.")
• Parents insist that they treat their children fairly and equitably when that is not the case.
• Family members (including children) who disown each other, or refuse to exist seen together in public (either unilaterally or bilaterally.)

Specific examples [edit]

In many cases, the post-obit would cause a family unit to be dysfunctional:^[7]

• Families with older parents or immigrant parents who cannot cope with changing times or a different culture.
• A parent of the same sex never intercedes in father–daughter/female parent–son relations on behalf of the child.
• Children who have no contact with the extended family of their female parent or male parent due to disharmony, disagreement, prejudice, feuding, etc.
• A family unit with one or more rebellious children at whom parents are chronically angry, wherein not-rebellious children have to "walk on eggshells" to avoid spillover effects of the parents' anger.
• An intense rift, extending across mere disagreement of opinion to personal antagonism between family members regarding ideology (e.g. children'south disagreement with their parents' religious beliefs; a family fellow member having an abortion while other members sharply object; parents who support their country being at war, while children practice not.)

Laundry List [edit]

The Laundry Listing is core literature of the program Adult Children of Alcoholics. It comprises 14 mutual traits of an adult child of an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family:

1. We became approving seekers and lost our identity in the process.
2. We are frightened by angry people and any personal criticism.
3. We either become alcoholics, marry them or both, or find some other compulsive personality such equally a workaholic to fulfill our sick abandonment needs.
4. Nosotros live life from the viewpoint of victims and we are attracted by that weakness in our love and friendship relationships.
5. We have an overdeveloped sense of responsibility and it is easier for us to be concerned with others rather than ourselves; this enables u.s.a. non to look also closely at our ain faults, etc.
6. Nosotros get guilt feelings when we stand up up for ourselves instead of giving in to others.
7. We became addicted to excitement.
8. We misfile dearest and pity and tend to "love" people we can "pity" and "rescue."
9. We have "stuffed" our feelings from our traumatic childhoods and have lost the ability to experience or express our feelings because it hurts and so much (deprival).
10. We judge ourselves harshly and have a very low sense of self-esteem.
11. Nosotros are dependent personalities who are terrified of abandonment and will do anything to concur on to a relationship in guild not to feel painful abandonment feelings, which we received from living with sick people who were never there emotionally for us.
12. Alcoholism is a family illness, and we became para-alcoholics and took on the characteristics of that disease even though we did not pick up the drink.
13. Para-alcoholics are reactors rather than actors.

Parenting [edit]

Unhealthy signs [edit]

Unhealthy parenting signs, which could lead to a family condign dysfunctional include:^[viii]

• Unrealistic expectations
• Ridicule^[9]
• Provisional love^[9]
• Disrespect;^[nine] especially antipathy.
• Emotional intolerance (family members not allowed to limited the "wrong" emotions.)^[ix]
• Social dysfunction or isolation^[nine] (for example, parents unwilling to reach out to other families—particularly those with children of the same gender and approximate historic period, or exercise nothing to help their "friendless" child.)
• Stifled speech communication (children not allowed to dissent or question authority.)^[ix]
• Denial of an "inner life" (children are not allowed to develop their ain value systems.)^[9]
• Being under- or over-protective
• Apathy ("I don't care!")
• Belittling ("You can't do anything right!")
• Shame ("Shame on you!")
• Bitterness (regardless of what is said, using a bitter tone of voice.)
• Hypocrisy ("Do as I say, not as I do.")
• Lack of forgiveness for minor misdeeds or accidents
• Judgmental statements or demonization ("Yous are a liar!")
• Being overly critical and withholding proper praise. (experts say 80–90% praise, and 10–xx% constructive criticism is the most healthy.)^{[10] [11]}
• Double standards or giving "mixed letters" by having a dual system of values (i.e. 1 set for the outside globe, some other when in private, or teaching divergent values to each child.)
• The absentee parent (seldom bachelor for their kid due to work overload, alcohol/drug abuse, gambling, or other addictions.)
• Unfulfilled projects, activities, and promises affecting children ("We'll exercise it later.")
• Giving to one child what rightly belongs to another
• Gender prejudice (treats ane gender of children adequately; the other unfairly.)
• Discussion and exposure to sexuality: either too much, too soon or too little, too belatedly
• Faulty discipline based more on emotions or family politics than on established rules (east.1000., punishment past "surprise".)
• Having an unpredictable emotional country due to substance abuse, personality disorder(south), or stress
• Parents always (or never) accept their children's side when others report acts of misbehavior, or teachers written report problems at school
• Scapegoating (knowingly or recklessly blaming one child for the misdeeds of another)
• "Tunnel vision" diagnosis of children's bug (for example, a parent may recall their child is either lazy or has learning disabilities after he falls behind in school despite recent absenteeism due to illness.)
• Older siblings given either no or excessive authority over younger siblings with respect to their age divergence and level of maturity.
• Frequent withholding of consent ("blessing") for culturally mutual, lawful, and historic period-advisable activities a child wants to have role in
• The "know-information technology-all" (has no need to obtain kid'south side of the story when accusing, or listen to child'due south opinions on matters which profoundly impact them.)
• Regularly forcing children to nourish activities for which they are extremely over- or nether-qualified (e.thou. using a preschool to babysit a typical nine-year-onetime boy, taking a young kid to poker games, etc.)
• Either being a miser ("scrooge") in totality or selectively allowing children's needs to go unmet (due east.chiliad. a father will not buy a cycle for his son because he wants to salvage money for retirement or "something important".)
• Disagreements virtually nature and nurture (parents, frequently non-biological, blame common problems on child'due south heredity, when faulty parenting may be the actual crusade.)

Dysfunctional styles^[12] [edit]

"Children as pawns" [edit]

I common dysfunctional parental behavior is a parent'southward manipulation of a kid in order to attain some outcome adverse to the other parent's rights or interests. Examples include verbal manipulation such equally spreading gossip nearly the other parent, communicating with the parent through the child (and in the process exposing the child to the risks of the other parent's displeasure with that advice) rather than doing so straight, trying to obtain information through the kid (spying), or causing the child to dislike the other parent, with insufficient or no business for the damaging effects of the parent'south behavior on the kid. While many instances of such manipulation occur in shared custody situations that accept resulted from separation or divorce, information technology can as well take place in intact families, where information technology is known as triangulation.

List of other dysfunctional styles [edit]

• "Using" (destructively egotistic parents who rule past fear and conditional dear.)
• Abusing (parents who use physical violence, or emotionally, or sexually abuse their children.)
• Perfectionist (fixating on society, prestige, power, or perfect appearances, while preventing their child from failing at annihilation.)
• Dogmatic or cult-like (harsh and inflexible discipline, with children not allowed, within reason, to dissent, question say-so, or develop their own value system.)
• Inequitable parenting (going to extremes for one child while continually ignoring the needs of another.)
• Impecuniousness (control or fail by withholding beloved, support, necessities, sympathy, praise, attending, encouragement, supervision, or otherwise putting their children'south well-beingness at risk.)
• Corruption among siblings (parents fail to intervene when a sibling physically or sexually abuses another sibling.)
• Abandonment (a parent who willfully separates from their children, not wishing whatsoever further contact, and in some cases without locating alternative, long-term parenting arrangements, leaving them as orphans.)
• Appeasement (parents who reward bad behavior—fifty-fifty past their own standards—and inevitably punish another kid'south good behavior in order to maintain the peace and avoid temper tantrums. "Peace at any price.")
• Loyalty manipulation (giving unearned rewards and lavish attending trying to ensure a favored, notwithstanding rebellious child will exist the i nigh loyal and well-behaved, while subtly ignoring the wants and needs of their most loyal kid currently.)
• "Helicopter parenting" (parents who micro-manage their children's lives or relationships among siblings—especially pocket-sized conflicts.)
• "The deceivers" (well-regarded parents in the community, likely to exist involved in some charitable/non-profit works, who abuse or mistreat 1 or more of their children.)
• "Public image manager" (sometimes related to above, children warned to not disclose what fights, corruption, or damage happens at dwelling house, or face up severe punishment "Don't tell anyone what goes on in this family".)
• "The paranoid parent" (a parent having persistent and irrational fear accompanied by acrimony and faux accusations that their child is up to no proficient or others are plotting impairment.)
• "No friends allowed" (parents discourage, prohibit, or interfere with their kid from making friends of the same age and gender.)
• Office reversal (parents who expect their pocket-sized children to take care of them instead.)
• "Not your business" (children continuously told that a particular brother or sis who is often causing issues is none of their concern.)
• Ultra-egalitarianism (either a much younger child is permitted to do whatever an older child may, or an older kid must wait years until a younger kid is mature enough.)
• "The guard domestic dog" (a parent who blindly attacks family unit members perceived every bit causing the slightest upset to their esteemed spouse, partner, or child.)
• "My baby forever" (a parent who will not allow one or more of their young children to grow up and begin taking care of themselves.)
• "The cheerleader" (one parent "cheers on" the other parent who is simultaneously abusing their child.)
• "Along for the ride" (a reluctant de facto, footstep, foster, or adoptive parent who does non truly care virtually their not-biological child, only must co-exist in the same home for the sake of their spouse or partner) (See likewise: Cinderella effect).
• "The pol" (a parent who repeatedly makes or agrees to children's promises while having little to no intention of keeping them.)
• "It's taboo" (parents rebuff any questions children may have nearly sexuality, pregnancy, romance, puberty, certain areas of human anatomy, nudity, etc.)
• Identified patient (one child, usually selected by the female parent, who is forced into going to therapy while the family's overall dysfunction is kept hidden.)
• Münchausen syndrome by proxy (a much more than extreme situation than higher up, where the child is intentionally made ill by a parent seeking attention from physicians and other professionals.)

Dynamical [edit]

Coalitions are subsystems within families with more rigid boundaries and are idea to be a sign of family dysfunction.^[13]

• The isolated family unit member (either a parent or child up confronting the balance of the otherwise united family unit.)
• Parent vs. parent (frequent fights amongst adults, whether married, divorced, or separated, conducted away from the children.)
• The polarized family (a parent and one or more children on each side of the conflict.)
• Parents vs. kids (intergenerational disharmonize, generation gap or culture stupor dysfunction.)
• The balkanized family (named after the three-way war in the Balkans where alliances shift back and along.)
• Complimentary-for-all (a family that fights in a "complimentary-for-all" fashion, though may become polarized when range of possible choices is limited.)

Children [edit]

Unlike divorce, and to a lesser extent, separation, there is often no record of an "intact" family being dysfunctional. As a upshot, friends, relatives, and teachers of such children may be completely unaware of the situation. In improver, a child may exist unfairly blamed for the family'southward dysfunction, and placed under even greater stress than those whose parents separate.

The half-dozen basic roles [edit]

Children growing up in a dysfunctional family have been known to adopt or be assigned one or more than of the following 6 basic roles:^{[14] [15]}

• The Golden Kid (also known as the Hero or Superkid ^[16]): a child who becomes a loftier achiever or overachiever exterior the family (east.g., in academics or athletics) as a means of escaping the dysfunctional family environment, defining themselves independently of their role in the dysfunctional family, currying favor with parents, or shielding themselves from criticism past family unit members.
• The Problem Child, Rebel, or Truth Teller:^[17] the child who a) causes most problems related to the family unit's dysfunction or b) "acts out" in response to preexisting family unit dysfunction, in the latter case oft in an endeavor to divert attention paid to another member who exhibits a design of like misbehavior.
  • A variant of the "trouble child" role is the Scapegoat, who is unjustifiably assigned the "problem kid" part by others within the family unit or even wrongfully blamed past other family unit members for those members' ain private or commonage dysfunction, often despite being the but emotionally stable fellow member of the family.
• The Caretaker: the ane who takes responsibility for the emotional well-beingness of the family, frequently bold a parental function; the intra-familial counterpart of the "Good Kid"/"Superkid."
• The Lost Kid or Passive Kid:^[18] the inconspicuous, introverted, serenity ane, whose needs are usually ignored or hidden.
• The Mascot or Family Clown:^[19] uses comedy to divert attention away from the increasingly dysfunctional family arrangement.
• The Mastermind: the opportunist who capitalizes on the other family members' faults to get whatever they want; often the object of appeasement by grown-ups.

Effects on children [edit]

Children of dysfunctional families, either at the time, or every bit they grow older, may besides:^[14]

• Lack the ability to be playful, or artless, and may "grow up besides fast"; conversely they may abound up besides slowly, or exist in a mixed way (e.k. well-behaved, simply unable to intendance for themselves.)
• Have moderate to severe mental wellness bug, including possible depression, feet,^[twenty] and suicidal thoughts.
• Get addicted to drugs, including cigarettes or alcohol, especially if parents or friends have done the same.
• Developing behavioral addictions to such things similar gambling, excessive spending, video games, pornography, or food; the latter frequently resulting in obesity or/and other physical wellness issues.
• Slap-up or harass others, or be an piece of cake victim thereof (possibly taking a dual function in different settings.)
• Exist in denial regarding the severity of the family's state of affairs.
• Have mixed feelings of dearest–hate towards certain family members.
• Become a sex offender, possibly including pedophilia.^[21]
• Take difficulty forming healthy relationships within their peer group (normally due to shyness or a personality disorder.)
• Spend an inordinate amount of time alone watching television, playing video games, surfing the Internet, listening to music, going out for belatedly dark drives lone, and engaging in other activities which lack in-person social interaction.
• Feel angry, anxious, depressed, isolated from others, or unlovable.
• Take a speech disorder (related to emotional corruption.)^[22]
• Distrust others or even accept paranoia.
• Become a juvenile delinquent and turn to a life of criminal offense (with or without dropping out of schoolhouse), and possibly become a gang member also.
• Struggle academically at school or academic operation declines unexpectedly.
• Have low self-esteem or a poor self image with difficulty expressing emotions.
• Practise non pay close attention to their ain physical or mental health
• May be at risk of self-impairment or suicide.
• Exhibits lack of organisation in their day to day lives.
• Rebel confronting parental potency, or conversely, uphold their family unit's values in the face of peer force per unit area, or even endeavour to take an incommunicable "heart basis" that pleases no one.
• Turning the tables past abusing their abusive elderly parents, upon the former reaching adulthood.
• Think only of themselves to make upward the difference of their childhoods (equally they are still learning the balance of self-beloved.)
• Have little cocky-bailiwick when parents are not around, such as compulsive spending, procrastinating likewise close to deadlines, etc. (unfamiliar, inchoate, and seemingly lax or avoidable real-globe consequences vs. known, concrete, and rigidly imposed parental consequences.)
• Find an (oftentimes abusive) spouse or partner at a young age, or run away from dwelling.
• Become meaning or a parent of illegitimate children.
• Be at take chances of condign poor or homeless, even if the family unit is already wealthy or middle-grade.
• Alive a reclusive lifestyle without whatsoever spouse, partner, children, or friends.
• Take machine-destructive or potentially cocky-damaging behaviors.
• Join a cult to find the credence they never had at home, or at a minimum, have differing philosophical or religious beliefs from what they were previously taught.
• Strive (as young adults) to live far away from particular family unit members or the family as a whole, perhaps spending much more than time with extended family.
• Perpetuate dysfunctional behaviors in other relationships (particularly their ain children.)

In popular culture [edit]

• Films about dysfunctional families
• Television serial about dysfunctional families
  • Animated television series most dysfunctional families

See also [edit]

• Rotten kid theorem
• Aberration (behavior)
• Alcoholism in family unit systems
• Domestic violence
• Family nexus
• Family therapy
• Harry Stack Sullivan
• Identified patient
• Karpman Drama Triangle
• Multisystemic therapy (MST)
• Narcissistic parent
• Parental alienation
• Parenting styles
• Psychological manipulation
• Factitious disorder imposed on another

References [edit]

1. ^ Masteller, James; Stoop, David (1991). "The Blame Game". Forgiving Our Parents, Forgiving Ourselves: Healing Developed Children of Dysfunctional Families (revised and updated ed.). ReadHowYouWant.com (published 2011). p. 222. ISBN9781459622937 . Retrieved 20 Oct 2019. People who grew upward in dysfunctional families frequently feel that everything that goes wrong in the earth is their fault.
2. ^ Xiang, Shiyuan; Liu, Yan; Lu, Yitian; Bai, Lu; Xu, Shenghan (February 2020). "Exploring the family origins of adolescent dysfunctional separation–individuation". Periodical of Child and Family Studies. 29 (2): 382–391. doi:x.1007/s10826-019-01644-due west. ISSN 1062-1024.
3. ^ Kerr, Michael Eastward.; Bowen, Murray (1988-10-17). Family Evaluation: an approach based on Bowen theory. West. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0393700565.
4. ^ Millett, Kate (1998). "The Theory of Sexual Politics". In Marsh, Ian; Campbell, Rosie; Keating, Mike (eds.). Classic and Gimmicky Readings in Sociology. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315840154. ISBN978-0582320239. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2015-01-25 .
5. ^ Napier, Nancy J. (April 1990). Recreating Your Self: Aid for Developed Children of Dysfunctional Families. ISBN978-0393028423.
6. ^ Kaslow, Florence W. (January 1996). Handbook of Relational Diagnosis and Dysfunctional Family Patterns. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN978-0471080787.
7. ^ Hsieh, Yi-Ping; Shen, Apr Chiung-Tao; Hwa, Hsiao-Lin; Wei, Hsi-Sheng; Feng, Jui-Ying; Huang, Soar Ching-Yu (January 2021). "Associations Between Child Maltreatment, Dysfunctional Family Environment, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Children's Bullying Perpetration in a National Representative Sample in Taiwan". Journal of Family unit Violence. 36 (one): 27–36. doi:x.1007/s10896-020-00144-half dozen. ISSN 0885-7482.
8. ^ Blair, Justice; Blair, Rita (April 1990). The Abusing Family (Revised ed.). Insight Books. ISBN978-0306434419.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Neuharth, Dan (1999). If Yous Had Decision-making Parents: How to Brand Peace with Your Past and Take Your Place in the World. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN978-0788193835.
10. ^ "Praise, encouragement and rewards". Raising Children Network. 2011-04-x. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28.
11. ^ [nine] https://world wide web.lifehack.org/350678/xiii-signs-toxic-parent-that-many-people-dont-realize
12. ^ Kagan, Richard; Schlosberg, Shirley (1989-03-17). Families in Perpetual Crunch. Westward. Westward. Norton & Visitor. ISBN978-0393700664.
13. ^ Whiteman, Shawn D.; McHale, Susan M.; Soli, Anna."Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships" Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Automobile, J Fam Theory Rev., 2012 Jun 1; Vol. three, No. ii, pp. 124–139, PMC 3127252.
14. ^ ^{a b} Forgiving Our Parents: For Adult Children from Dysfunctional Families by Dwight Lee Wolter c. 1995.^{[ full commendation needed ]} Except where individually noted
15. ^ Polson, Beth; Newton, Miller (1984). Not My Kid: A Family's Guide to Kids and Drugs. Arbor Books / Kids of North Jersey Nurses. ISBN978-0877956334.
16. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 81–84
17. ^ [Polson and Newton, pp. 84–85]
18. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 86–90
19. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 85–86
20. ^ "Good parents 'buffer' their kids' minds". The Sydney Morning Herald. AAP. 2010-09-21. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2012-06-xiii .
21. ^ Glasser, M.; Kolvin, I.; Campbell, D.; Glasser, A.; Leitch, I.; Farrelly, S. (Dec 2001). "Cycle of child sexual abuse: Links betwixt being a victim and becoming a perpetrator". The British Periodical of Psychiatry. 179 (6): 482–494. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.half dozen.482. PMID 11731348.
22. ^ "Child Abuse". Long Beach Fire Department Training Center. 2009-09-nineteen. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31.

Further reading [edit]

• Lundy Bancroft, "Why Does He Practise That? Within the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men" 2002 Berkley Books, ISBN 0-399-14844-two
• John Bradshaw, Healing the Shame That Binds Yous
• John Bradshaw, Homecoming: Reclaiming and Healing Your Inner Kid
• John Bradshaw, Bradshaw On: The Family
• Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman, The Narcissistic Family. Diagnosis and Treatment
• Beth Polson and Miller Newton, Not My Child: A Family'south Guide to Kids and Drugs, Arbor Books / Kids of North Jersey Nurses, 1984, ISBN 978-0877956334,
• Charles L. Whitfield, Healing the Child Inside: Discovery and Recovery for Developed Children of Dysfunctional Families

External links [edit]

huttoningir1998.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_family

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